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git-svn-id: svn://svn.linuxfromscratch.org/BLFS/trunk/BOOK@3495 af4574ff-66df-0310-9fd7-8a98e5e911e0
348 lines
13 KiB
XML
348 lines
13 KiB
XML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
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<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.3//EN"
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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.3/docbookx.dtd" [
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<!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../../general.ent">
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%general-entities;
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]>
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<sect1 id="x-setup">
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<sect1info>
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<othername>$LastChangedBy$</othername>
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<date>$Date$</date>
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</sect1info>
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<?dbhtml filename="xfree86-setup.html"?>
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<title>X Window System Components</title>
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<sect2 id='dri'>
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<title>Checking Direct Rendering Infrastructure (<acronym>DRI</acronym>)
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Installation</title>
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<indexterm zone="x-setup dri">
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<primary sortas="g-DRI">DRI</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<para><acronym>DRI</acronym> is a framework for allowing software to access
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graphics hardware in a safe and efficient manner. It is installed in
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<application>X</application> by default if you have a supported video card.
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To check if <acronym>DRI</acronym> is installed properly, check the log file
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<filename>/var/log/XFree86.0.log</filename> or
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<filename>/var/log/Xorg.0.log</filename> for statements like:</para>
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<screen>(II) R128(0): Direct rendering enabled</screen>
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<para>From an <command>xterm</command>, run <command>glxinfo</command> and
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look for the phrase:</para>
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<screen><computeroutput>direct rendering: Yes</computeroutput></screen>
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<para>You can also run the test program <command>glxgears</command>.
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This program brings up a window with three gears turning. The
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<command>xterm</command> will display how many frames were drawn every
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five seconds, so this is a reasonable benchmark. The window is scalable, and
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the frames drawn per second is highly dependent on the size of
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the window.</para>
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<indexterm zone="x-setup dri">
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<primary sortas="b-glxgears">glxgears</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<indexterm zone="x-setup dri">
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<primary sortas="b-glxinfo">glxinfo</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<para>For troubleshooting problems, check the <acronym>DRI</acronym> Users
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Guide at
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<ulink url="http://dri.sourceforge.net/doc/DRIuserguide.html"/>.</para>
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</sect2>
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<!-- ================================================== -->
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<sect2 id='fonts'>
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<title>Adding <application>TrueType</application> fonts to
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<application>X</application></title>
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<para><application>TrueType</application> font support is built into
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<application>X</application>. The following items need to
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be completed to make the fonts available. Each item is described in
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detail after the list.</para>
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<indexterm zone="x-setup fonts">
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<primary sortas="g-truetype">TrueType</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><para>Establish a directory for the fonts and move any
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<application>TrueType</application> fonts you want into that directory.
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Ensure that any fonts you install are world readable. Incorrect
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permissions on fonts have been known to cause problems with some
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<application>X</application> applications.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Download the fonts.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Create the <filename>fonts.scale</filename> and
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<filename>fonts.dir</filename> files in the
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<application>TrueType</application> font
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directory.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Ensure the <application>TrueType</application> module is
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loaded in the <filename>XF86Config</filename> or
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<filename>xorg.conf</filename>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Ensure the <parameter>FontPath</parameter> in
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<filename>XF86Config</filename> or <filename>xorg.conf</filename> contains the
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<application>TrueType</application> font directory.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Update the font cache files</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<indexterm zone="x-setup fonts">
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<primary sortas="e-etc-X11-xorg-conf">/etc/X11/xorg.conf</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<indexterm zone="x-setup fonts">
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<primary sortas="e-etc-X11-XF86Config">/etc/X11/XF86Config</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<sect3><title>Establish a <application>TrueType</application> font
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directory</title>
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<para>The build of <application>X</application> as given above automatically
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creates a <application>TrueType</application> font directory:
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<filename class="directory">/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/TTF</filename>. This
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directory already has some <application>TrueType</application> fonts and is
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set up correctly. If this directory is satisfactory, copy any other
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<application>TrueType</application> fonts you want into that directory. If
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not, create a new directory, preferably in the
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<filename class="directory">/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/</filename> directory and
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put your <application>TrueType</application> fonts there.</para>
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</sect3>
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<sect3><title>Download the fonts</title>
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<para>There are two known high quality free font resources:
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<ulink url="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/savannah/files/freefont/"/> and
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<ulink url="http://corefonts.sourceforge.net/"/>. Copy the fonts (files with
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the <filename>.ttf</filename> suffix) to the directory you've just
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created.</para>
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</sect3>
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<sect3 id="fonts-scale-dir"><title>Create <filename>fonts.scale</filename> and
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<filename>fonts.dir</filename></title>
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<indexterm zone="x-setup fonts-scale-dir">
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<primary sortas="g-fonts.scale">fonts.scale</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<indexterm zone="x-setup fonts-scale-dir">
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<primary sortas="g-fonts.dir">fonts.dir</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<para>Now change to the directory where you have your
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<application>TrueType</application> fonts and run:
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<screen><userinput><command>mkfontscale &&
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mkfontdir</command></userinput></screen></para>
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<indexterm zone="x-setup fonts-scale-dir">
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<primary sortas="b-mkfontscale">mkfontscale</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<indexterm zone="x-setup fonts-scale-dir">
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<primary sortas="b-mkfontdir">mkfontdir</primary>
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</indexterm>
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</sect3>
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<sect3><title>Ensure <application>TrueType</application> is loaded in
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<filename>XF86Config</filename> or <filename>xorg.conf</filename></title>
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<para>The "Module" section should look like:
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<screen>Section "Module"
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...
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Load "freetype"
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...
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EndSection</screen></para>
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</sect3>
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<sect3><title>Ensure the <parameter>FontPath</parameter> in
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<filename>XF86Config</filename> or <filename>xorg.conf</filename> points to the
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<application>TrueType</application> font directory</title>
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<para>The "Files" section should look like:
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<screen>Section "Files"
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...
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FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/<replaceable>[TrueTypeDir]</replaceable>/"
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...
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EndSection</screen></para>
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</sect3>
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<sect3><title>Update the font cache files</title>
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<para>Ensure you have the following directory entries in
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<filename>/etc/fonts/local.conf</filename>, inside the fontconfig
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tags:</para>
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<indexterm zone="x-setup fonts">
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<primary sortas="e-etc-fonts-local.conf">/etc/fonts/local.conf</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<screen><userinput><command>sed -i -e '/^<\/fontconfig>/i\
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<dir>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/TTF</dir>\
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<dir>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/Type1</dir>' /etc/fonts/local.conf</command></userinput></screen>
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<para>The <command>fc-cache</command> program will automatically search
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the above directories and all subdirectories for needed fonts.</para>
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<para>Finally, to update all the font cache files, run</para>
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<screen><userinput><command>fc-cache</command></userinput></screen>
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<indexterm zone="x-setup fonts">
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<primary sortas="b-fc-cache">fc-cache</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<para><application>X</application> will now be able to use
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<application>TrueType</application> fonts when it is restarted.
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You can check to see if the new fonts are available with the
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<command>xlsfonts</command> or <command>xfontsel</command>
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program.</para>
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<note><para>You should rerun <command>mkfontscale</command> and
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<command>mkfontdir</command> any time you add or delete
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<application>TrueType</application> fonts.
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You should also rerun <command>fc-cache</command> each time
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you add or remove any fonts.</para></note>
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</sect3>
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</sect2>
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<!-- ================================================== -->
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<sect2>
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<title>Setting up keyboards</title>
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<para>In this version of <application>X</application>, non-Latin
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keyboard layouts do not include Latin configurations as was previous
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practice. To set up a keyboard for Latin and non-Latin input,
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change the XkbLayout keyboard driver option in the InputDevice section
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of the <filename>XF86Config</filename> or <filename>xorg.conf</filename> file.
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For example:</para>
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<screen> Section "InputDevice"
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Identifier "Keyboard0"
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Driver "Keyboard"
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Option "XkbModel" "pc105"
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Option "XkbLayout" "en_US,ru"
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Option "XkbOptions" "grp:switch,grp:alt_shift_toggle,grp_led:scroll"
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EndSection</screen>
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<para>In this example, you can use the Alt-Shift combination to switch
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between keyboard layouts and use the Scroll Lock <acronym>LED</acronym> to
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indicate when the second layout is active.</para>
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</sect2>
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<!-- ================================================== -->
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<sect2>
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<title>Setting up fonts</title>
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<para>Users using character sets other than <acronym>ISO</acronym>-8859-1 have
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to make a few adjustments to their font settings in order to make sure that
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fonts with the correct encoding are used for "fixed", "variable", "10x20" and
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similar aliases:</para>
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<para>For Cyrillic alphabet, it is sufficient to put the following line
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into the top of the "Files" section in <filename>XF86Config</filename>
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or <filename>xorg.conf</filename> because this directory already contains
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the needed bitmap fonts and their aliases:</para>
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<screen>FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic/"</screen>
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<para>For ISO-8859-<replaceable>[X]</replaceable> based locales, use the
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following command instead:</para>
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<screen><userinput><command>sed -i 's,iso8859-1\( \|$\),iso8859-<replaceable>[X]</replaceable>\1,g' \
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/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/{75dpi,100dpi,misc}/fonts.alias</command></userinput></screen>
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</sect2>
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<!-- ================================================== -->
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<sect2 id='xdm'>
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<title>Setting up XDM</title>
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<para><command>xdm</command> provides a graphical logon capability and is
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normally set up in <filename>/etc/inittab</filename>. Most of the information
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you need to customize <command>xdm</command> is found in its man page. To
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execute <command>xdm</command> during bootup, change the initdefault level to 5
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and add the following lines to <filename>/etc/inittab</filename>:</para>
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<indexterm zone="x-setup xdm">
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<primary sortas="b-xdm">xdm</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<para><screen><userinput># Run xdm as a separate service
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x:5:respawn:/usr/X11R6/bin/xdm -nodaemon</userinput></screen></para>
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<para>If Linux-PAM is installed on your system, you should
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create a PAM entry for xdm by duplicating the login entry
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using the following command:</para>
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<para><screen><userinput>cp /etc/pam.d/login /etc/pam.d/xdm</userinput></screen></para>
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<indexterm zone="x-setup xdm">
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<primary sortas="e-etc-pam.d/xdm">/etc/pam.d/xdm</primary>
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</indexterm>
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</sect2>
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<!-- ================================================== -->
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<sect2 id='x-resources'>
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<title>Using <application>X</application> Resources</title>
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<para>There are many options that can be set in
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<application>X</application> and <application>X</application> clients via
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resources. Typically resources are set in the
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<filename>~/.Xresources</filename> file.</para>
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<para>The layout of the <filename>~/.Xresources</filename> file consists
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of a list of specifications in the form of</para>
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<indexterm zone="x-setup x-resources">
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<primary sortas="e-AA.xresources">~/.Xresources</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<screen>object.subobject[.subobject...].attribute: value</screen>
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<para>Components of a resource specification are linked together
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by either <emphasis>tight</emphasis>, represented by a dot (.),
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or <emphasis>loose</emphasis>, represented by an asterisk (*), bindings.
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A tight binding indicates that the components on either side of the dot must
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be directly next to each other as defined in a specific implementation. An
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asterisk is a wildcard character that means that any number of levels in
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a defined hierarchy can be between the components.
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For example, X offers two special cursors: redglass and whiteglass. To
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use one of these resources, you need to add the following line:</para>
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<screen>Xcursor.theme: whiteglass</screen>
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<para>However, you can specify the background for all clients with:</para>
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<screen>*background: blue</screen>
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<para>More specific resource variables will override less specific names.</para>
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<para>Resource definitions can be found in the man pages for each
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respective client.</para>
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<para>In order to load your resources, the <command>xrdb</command> program
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must be called with the appropriate parameters. Typically, the first time
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resources are loaded, you use:</para>
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<screen><userinput><command>xrdb -load <filename></command></userinput></screen>
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<para>To add resources to <application>X</application>'s database in memory,
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use:</para>
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<screen><userinput><command>xrdb -merge <filename></command></userinput></screen>
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<para>The <command>xrdb</command> instruction is usually placed in
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<filename>~/.xinitrc</filename> or <filename>~/.xsession</filename>.
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To get more information, see the xrdb man page.</para>
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<indexterm zone="x-setup x-resources">
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<primary sortas="b-xrdb">xrdb</primary>
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</indexterm>
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</sect2>
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</sect1>
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